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The obstetric triage personnel were recruited from medical educational hospitals with obstetric and telephone triage services, specifically from Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in Tehran-Iran. While most existing guidelines for obstetric triage are based on physical triage. However, telephone triage has many positive aspects such as efficacy and uniformity. However, there are some challenges due to the lack of clinical perspective during the telephone call and the lack of specific diagnostic information [10]. It depends on the research objectives, but a few methods are often used in mixed methods research designs. A research design that follows a thread starts by collecting quantitative data on a specific issue, followed by collecting qualitative data to explain the results.
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The key point here is that the Morse notation provides researchers with a powerful language for depicting and communicating the design constructed for a specific research study. A fruitful starting point in trying to resolve divergence through abduction is to determine which component has resulted in a finding that is somehow expected, logical, and/or in line with existing research. The results of this research component, called the “sense” (“Lesart”), are subsequently compared to the results of the other component, called the “anti-sense” (“alternative Lesart”), which are considered dissonant, unexpected, and/or contrary to what had been found in the literature. The aim is to develop an overall explanation that fits both the sense and the anti-sense (Bazeley and Kemp 2012; Mendlinger and Cwikel 2008).
Explanatory sequential design
Whereas the Miracle Money proof-of-concept provided $500 for 6 consecutive months, for this study, funds were raised so that Miracle Messages could provide up to 110 individuals with $750 per month for 12 months. This was based on pilot work that suggested that $500 per month meaningfully changed lives [41] but recognition that a living wage in these cities would be much higher [48]. Yet because many of the initial contacts could not be confirmed to be meaningful, Miracle Messages increasingly came to accept any type of contact with volunteers as meeting the criteria of Miracle Friend participation that would then allow participants to start receiving Miracle Money. This paper describes the protocols for a randomized controlled trial of an intervention initially designed to address social isolation and loneliness among PEH and subsequently paired with an economic poverty-reduction intervention. One intervention that this program implements is known as Miracle Friends, in which an unhoused person is paired with a volunteer “phone buddy” who provides social support.
Qualitative data collection procedures
An inductive-deductive approach was also used to determine the concept of obstetric telephone triage. In this respect, a qualitative study and a literature review were used in the inductive and deductive stages, respectively. Moreover, the validity of the developed guideline was confirmed based on experts’ opinions and results of the AGREE II tool. A single qualitative interview will be conducted with 20 volunteers who served as a phone buddy for at least 6 months to understand their experience of Miracle Friends. Any volunteer who has been engaged in the intervention for at least 6 months will receive an email from the Miracle Messages program that informs them of the study and refers them to the study team if they are interested in speaking about their personal experience with the program.
What is the difference between mixed methods and multiple methods?
This allows whoever is conducting the research to detect any conflicting information and further look into the conflicting information to understand what is really going on. Through a mixed methods approach, researchers could more easily compare and contrast their results to better understand the phenomenon as a whole. Mixed methods research is a great choice when quantitative or qualitative data alone will not sufficiently answer a research question.
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This study is unique in that it represents the first known experiment of interventions that provide social support and guaranteed income for PEH. Challenges include study retention, given that participants have been recruited while experiencing homelessness, either sheltered or unsheltered. There may also be differential retention rates because people receiving basic income may be more likely to complete follow-up surveys as compared to the waitlist or Miracle Friends only groups. It should also be noted that this intervention primarily focused on individuals who had a cell phone, which research suggests is much of the homeless population [57].
The random factors, or so-called repeated measures, are looks, which consists of three levels (very attractive, moderately attractive, and highly unattractive) and the personality, which again has three levels (highly charismatic, moderately charismatic, and extremely dull). The question arises whether researchers should plan all these decisions beforehand, or whether they can make them during, and depending on the course of, the research process. On the one hand, a researcher should decide beforehand which research components to include in the design, such that the conclusion that will be drawn will be robust.
Techniques for integrating data in mixed method studies
During these calls, healthcare providers use their obstetric knowledge and experiences to determine the severity of the problem and the urgency of a physical consultation with an obstetrician [1,2,3]. Obstetric triage services are usually provided physically (face-to-face), however, in many Western societies, women typically make an initial phone call to inquire about the need for counseling or a visit to the emergency room [4,5,6,7,8,9]. Telephone triage is a service delivery system that is currently not performed uniformly due to the lack of specific instructions [1,2,3]. The guideline included the items for evaluating the severity of obstetric symptoms at five levels including “critical”, “urgent”, “less urgent”, “no urgent”, and “recommendations”.
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Finally, a reanalysis of the data can sometimes lead to resolving divergence (Creswell and Plano Clark 2011). In the case of an analytical point of integration, a first analytical stage of a qualitative component is followed by a second analytical stage, in which the topics identified in the first analytical stage are quantitized. The results of the qualitative component ultimately, and before writing down the results of the analytical phase as a whole, become quantitative; qualitizing also is a possible strategy, which would be the converse of this. Dependent research activities include a redirection of subsequent research inquiry.
Kevin F. Adler is the founder and CEO of Miracle Messages; he has not had access to study data. Projecting balconies with steel finishes add a contrasting element, and their perforated railings capture light from various angles, creating a dynamic visual effect. Snøhetta has unveiled Vertikal Nydalen, a groundbreaking mixed-use building in Oslo, Norway. The project pushes the boundaries of sustainable design by incorporating a simplified, self-sufficient climate system and natural ventilation. It sits on the former Gullhaug Torg site, which functioned as a parking lot during the area’s transition from an industrial zone to a modern business hub. As part of the district’s transformation into a vibrant residential area, the project aimed to create a car-free zone with a town square and a high-rise building.
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In the mixed methods literature, various typologies of mixed methods designs have been proposed (for an overview see Creswell and Plano Clark 2011, p. 69–72). This technique is a visual representation of the different types of mixed methods research designs and the order in which they should be implemented. It enables researchers to quickly assess their research design and adjust it as needed. This type of research focuses on the involvement of participants in the research process. It involves the active participation of participants in formulating and developing research questions, data collection, and analysis.
In all cases, the mixing of methods, methodologies, and/or paradigms will help answer the research questions and make improvements over a more basic study design. Participants are also asked to provide an email address and collateral contact information for one or more people to ensure that the study team can reconnect with them when it is time to complete a shorter survey five more times, one every 3 months (i.e., quarterly) until 15 months. Surveys can be completed in person or over the phone, with responses recorded by a surveyor directly into the REDCap data management platform [49, 50] that is also used to support data visualization to monitor data quality and study retention. Upon request, participants also receive a link to self-administer the survey in English or Spanish. Unhoused individuals who expressed interest in the Miracle Friends program were randomized to either receive the intervention or be placed on a waitlist for Miracle Friends.
Mixed methods research designs such as convergent parallel, explanatory sequential, and exploratory sequential provide method flexibility, enabling researchers to collect both types of data while avoiding the limitations of either approach alone. For example, a researcher who used this research method might collect quantitative data about how satisfied employees are with their jobs at a certain company, followed by qualitative interviews to investigate why job satisfaction levels are low. They could then use the results to explore any conflicting or differing results, allowing them to gain a deeper understanding of job satisfaction at the company. For example, if a quantitative survey yields one result while a qualitative interview yields another, mixed methods research can help identify what factors influence these differences by integrating data from both sources. Mixed methods research designs combine the strengths of qualitative and quantitative data, deepening and enriching qualitative results with quantitative data and validating quantitative findings with qualitative data.
In the window titled ‘Repeated Measures’, you will see a box under ‘Within-Subjects Variables’. You will see that the SPSS defined ‘b1’ as the first level of the within-subjects variable ‘time’. You will see that the SPSS defined ‘b2’ as the second level of the within-subjects variable ‘time’. The mixed-model design gets its name because there are two types of variable, a between-subjects variable and a within-subjects variable. For example, if a researcher wanted to know what type of music teenagers enjoy listening to, they might employ a survey of 1,000 teenagers as well as five focus group interviews to investigate this.
If a volunteer or Miracle Messages staff members cannot contact an unhoused person after five attempts by the volunteer and one attempt by the staff, the person is removed from the list of people needing to be matched—effectively representing a discharge from the program. Once matched, volunteers are expected to attempt weekly phone voice or text contact. Volunteers log their efforts on the program’s online platform after each attempt, helping the program monitor the progression of friendships and address any issues. Based on volunteer responses, the Miracle Friends program can provide referrals to the unhoused person if there is a more urgent need or contact a formal service provider if authorized by the unhoused individual. Miracle Friends program staff members explain the intervention and sign up anyone who expresses an interest in a phone buddy.
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